Generation Z Characteristics, Traits, and Behaviors

Generation Z (often called Gen Z) stands out as a unique cohort with distinct characteristics and behaviors. Gen Z refers to those born roughly between 1997 and 2012, making them teenagers and young adults today. They’re the kids who grew up swiping screens before they could walk – truly the first digital natives. This generation has been shaped by rapid technology growth, social media, economic turbulence, and global events like the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. As I found it over research, Gen Z is already a huge force worldwide: by 2025 they will make up almost one-third of the global workforce and a significant chunk of the world’s consumers. In this detailed paper, I will explore Generation Z’s characteristics, traits, and behaviors in depth, using an engaging, first-person tone. I’ll compare them with Millennials (Gen Y) before them and Gen Alpha after them, and incorporate perspectives from the U.S., U.K., and Asia. As per data available, I’ll also share relevant statistics to back up these insights. So, let’s dive into what makes Gen Z tick!

Who Are Generation Z?

Generation Z is the cohort born after Millennials, roughly from the late 1990s to early 2010s. In other words, as of now (mid-2020s), they range from pre-teens up to about 25 years old. I often describe them as the “kids of the Internet era,” since they’ve never known a world without ubiquitous connectivity. As per my research, Gen Z’s formative years have been marked by unique circumstances:

• Digital immersion: They had the internet, smartphones, and social media from a young age. Many don’t remember a time before Google or YouTube.
• Economic uncertainty: They watched their parents deal with the 2008 financial crisis and then faced their own economic upheaval with the pandemic lockdowns. This has made many of them pragmatic and financially cautious.
• Global awareness: Through social media, Gen Z grew up highly aware of global issues like climate change, social justice movements, and political happenings around the world.
• Diversity: This is the most diverse generation in history (especially in Western countries). For example, in the United States less than half of Gen Z is non-Hispanic white – making them the last generation that will have a white majority in the U.S. investopedia.cominvestopedia.com. They are also more likely than older generations to have immigrant parents or to identify as LGBTQ+.

In short, Gen Z is a generation of young people who are tech-savvy, diverse, educated, and shaped by a fast-changing, often uncertain world. Next, I’ll break down some of the key characteristics and traits that define Generation Z.

Digital Natives: Technology and Media Habits

One of the defining characteristics of Gen Z is being extremely tech-savvy and connected. I can say from experience that many Gen Zers seem almost fused to their smartphones – and the data backs this up. A staggering 98% of Gen Z owns a smartphone, and nearly all of them use social media regularly. In fact, about 45% of Gen Z teens/young adults say they are online “almost constantly”. As per data available, Gen Z spends hours every day swiping through apps like TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat, and YouTube. They prefer visual content and quick snippets – short TikTok videos, Instagram stories – over long text. This constant connectivity has given them the reputation of having shorter attention spans, but on the flip side, they are amazing multitaskers. Many Gen Z individuals can chat with friends, watch a video, and shop online all at once, bouncing between devices seamlessly (indeed, around 66% use multiple devices simultaneously while online investopedia.com).

Social media is second nature to this generation. Platforms rise and fall in popularity, but Gen Z is always at the forefront of these trends. For example, while Millennials might still scroll Facebook, Gen Z has gravitated more to TikTok for entertainment and to Snapchat for quick communication. They also brought memes, viral dances, and influencer culture into the mainstream. As I found over research, 81% of Gen Z use social media to research products and 85% discover new products through social networks – meaning their buying habits are heavily influenced by online trends and peer reviews. They tend to trust online reviews almost as much as recommendations from friends. I often hear Gen Z folks say they’ll “check TikTok reviews” or see what YouTube influencers are saying before trying something new.

Interestingly, even though they are glued to social media, Gen Z is not unaware of its downsides. Growing up with social media has made them quite savvy about digital well-being. For instance, a recent U.K. survey showed 84% of Gen Z Britons support banning social media for kids under 13 – a sign that they recognize the potential harms social platforms can have on young minds. Many Gen Zers try to curate healthier online habits, like following positive content creators or taking digital detox breaks when overwhelmed. Still, being a digital native is a core Gen Z trait: they expect Wi-Fi everywhere, get frustrated with outdated tech, and probably taught their parents how to use half the apps on their phones!

Diversity and Identity

If I had to choose a single word to describe Gen Z, one strong contender would be “diverse.” This applies both demographically and in attitudes. As per my research, Gen Z is the most racially and ethnically diverse generation in many countries’ history. In the United States, only about 50% of Gen Z is non-Hispanic white, compared to around 70% of Baby Boomers. About 25% of American Gen Zers are Hispanic, 14% Black, 6% Asian, and the rest mixed or other races. In addition, Gen Z has grown up embracing diversity in sexuality and gender identity – surveys show around 1 in 5 Gen Z adults identify as LGBTQ+, a higher rate than any prior generation. In my experience, Gen Z tends to be very open-minded about people’s differences. They’ve grown up with greater visibility of different races, cultures, and identities in media and online, so they often take diversity as a given part of life.

Inclusivity is a key value for Gen Z. They expect representation and inclusion in the brands they buy from, the entertainment they watch, and the workplaces they join. As per data available, many Gen Z youth actively champion causes like racial justice and gender equality. Two-thirds of Gen Z in one poll said systemic racism is a public health crisis, reflecting how deeply they care about equity. This generation has participated in movements like Black Lives Matter and LGBTQ+ pride with fervor. They also talk about mental health, disability, and other once-taboo topics with a refreshing candor, further normalizing acceptance of all individuals.

Another notable aspect of Gen Z identity is individuality and authenticity. This might sound paradoxical to diversity, but it all ties together: Gen Z celebrates individual self-expression. They don’t like to be put in a box or labeled. As I’ve seen on social platforms, Gen Zers curate personal “brands” or aesthetics for themselves – whether through fashion, creative hobbies, or social media profiles – that reflect their unique identity. They value authenticity highly; they are quick to call out anything that feels fake or performative.

For example, in terms of brands or public figures, Gen Z tends to prefer those who are genuine, ethically conscious, and “real” over those who seem overly polished or insincere. This quest for authenticity also means Gen Z is more likely to support brands that are inclusive and socially responsible. In short, diversity for Gen Z is not just about demographics, but also about embracing all facets of identity and demanding authenticity in themselves and others.

Education and Career Outlook

As per data available, Gen Z is on track to be the most educated generation yet. Many of them took the message “stay in school” to heart, likely encouraged by their Gen X or Millennial parents. High school graduation rates have hit record highs for Gen Z. In the U.S., about 87% of Gen Z students graduated high school on time in recent years, higher than previous generations at the same age. A large portion has gone on to college or plans to – over 80% of Gen Z teens say they consider a college education important. However, this generation is also re-evaluating the traditional education path. In the U.S. and U.K., I’ve noticed a growing mindset among young people questioning the cost-benefit of a four-year college, especially as student debt mounts. In fact, only about 62% of U.S. Gen Z high schoolers plan to attend college directly after graduation, which is still a majority but lower than prior generations’ aspirations. Some Gen Zers are pursuing vocational training, coding bootcamps, or other non-traditional learning routes, especially if those paths promise a more direct payoff.

In certain regions, education is even more intensely valued. As per my research, Gen Z in Asia tends to place a very high importance on education. For example, surveys of Gen Z teens in countries like China and India show over 80% fully expect to go to university, seeing it as a crucial step for success\. By contrast, Gen Z in parts of the U.S., Canada, or the U.K. are more open to alternatives like starting a business or learning through online resources. These regional differences highlight that while Gen Z globally shares the trait of valuing knowledge, the way they pursue education can vary based on cultural and economic context.

When it comes to careers, Generation Z is entering the workforce with big expectations and a pragmatic attitude. The oldest Gen Zers are now in their early-to-mid twenties, starting out in their jobs or even launching careers. Something I’ve personally noticed (and frankly admire) is that Gen Z often seeks purpose and passion in their work. They are not the type to blindly grind away at a joyless job for decades just for a paycheck – they saw some of their parents or older siblings (Millennials) struggle with burnout and they want none of that. As per data available from recent surveys, nearly all Gen Z workers say they want a job that aligns with their values and provides a sense of purpose, not just a salary (deloitte.com). Many are even willing to turn down jobs or assignments that conflict with their ethics – for example, a Gen Z employee might refuse to work on a project for a company with a poor environmental record, or they might avoid employers who don’t prioritize diversity and mental health.

Work-life balance is a non-negotiable for this generation. As per my experience collaborating with some Gen Z colleagues, they really prioritize flexible working arrangements (like remote work or flexible hours) and strongly resist the old “live to work” mentality. In fact, work-life balance consistently ranks as the top factor Gen Z considers when choosing an employer, even above things like pay in some cases. They are also reshaping work culture by normalizing discussions about mental health at work, expecting employers to care about employee well-being, and pushing for things like four-day work weeks or remote options as standard. It’s not that Gen Z is work-shy – many are extremely ambitious – but they insist that work should accommodate life and mental health, not dominate them.

Another hallmark of Gen Z’s career outlook is an entrepreneurial spirit. Growing up watching YouTube stars, startup founders, and influencers, a lot of Gen Z feel they can chart their own path. Many have side hustles or passion projects in addition to their main education or job. According to data I found, about one-third of Gen Z would like to start their own business and a sizable number already earn money from freelance gigs, online businesses, or content creation. In fact, as of 2025 around 41% of Gen Z say extra income from side hustles has improved their financial stability, and roughly 1 in 3 Gen Z members aim to grow their side hustle into a larger venture. They’ve witnessed the rise of the gig economy and many are taking advantage of it – whether it’s selling products online, doing freelance design, tutoring, or monetizing social media. This entrepreneurial streak ties back to their desire for independence and meaningful work. If they don’t find the opportunities they want in traditional institutions, Gen Z is quite ready to create their own. It’s exciting to see how their entry into the workforce is already spurring changes – companies are having to adapt to Gen Z’s expectations for purpose, flexibility, and ethical practices.

Financial Attitudes and Consumer Behavior

Having grown up through some tough economic times, Gen Z tends to have a pragmatic and savvy attitude towards money. As I peruse studies and also chat with Gen Z individuals, I sense a mix of caution and hustle in how they handle finances. On one hand, they are more budget-conscious and debt-averse than Millennials were at the same age; on the other hand, they’re also not shy about spending on things that matter to them (like technology, experiences, or brands they love). Let’s break down some key traits in their financial behavior:

Financial Caution and Saving:

Many Gen Z young adults started saving money early. A lot of them saw their parents struggle during the late 2000s recession or deal with job uncertainty, so they learned not to take financial stability for granted. I found data suggesting that about two-thirds of Gen Z workers are already saving for retirement, often starting as early as their teens. In fact, the median age Gen Z begins saving for retirement is only 19 – much younger than previous generations who often waited until later to think about 401(k)s and IRAs. It impressed me to learn that the typical Gen Z saver is putting aside a hefty 20% of their income into savings or investments. Clearly, many of them are serious about financial security and not repeating the debt pitfalls they saw Millennials fall into.

College Debt Worries:

That said, Gen Z is also realistic about the financial challenges they face. The cost of higher education is a big concern. As per data available, roughly two-thirds of Gen Zers worry about being able to pay off student loans or avoid debt altogether for collegeinvestopedia.com. This is one reason some Gen Z are choosing cheaper education routes or going to community college first – they’re very conscious of not wanting to start their adult lives buried in debt. Those who do take loans are looking for ways to make it worth it; interestingly, more than half of borrowers under 30 (which includes Gen Z and younger Millennials) have used student loans to gain specific career skills or credentialsinvestopedia.com, showing a pragmatic approach to ensure that debt is an “investment” in their future.

Income and Security:

Early in their careers, many Gen Z young adults are realistic that they won’t be rolling in dough immediately. Surveys indicate that more than half of Gen Z workers believe an income between $50,000 and $100,000 is needed for financial stability, and many aspire to eventually earn above $100K by the time they hit 30investopedia.com. But right now, a significant portion are living paycheck to paycheck – about 3 in 5 Gen Z say they have little financial cushion and worry about covering expenses. The high cost of living (rent, food, etc.) is often cited as their top financial stressor, more so than any other issue. This explains why Gen Z is very hustle-minded: if a single job doesn’t pay enough, they’ll juggle multiple gigs or look for new revenue streams.

Side Hustles and Entrepreneurship:

As mentioned earlier, a big trait of Gen Z is having side hustles. A lot of young people in this cohort aren’t content with just one 9-to-5 income. They might drive for a delivery app on weekends, run an Etsy shop, do freelance coding, or any number of things to supplement their earnings. Part of this is economic need or ambition, and part is that technology has made it easier to make money independently. Many Gen Z grew up watching YouTubers and TikTokers make money by being creative online, so they’re keen to try it themselves. This generation’s entrepreneurial mindset means they could transform industries and job markets as they find new, innovative ways to earn and create value.

Consumer Behavior:

When Gen Z does spend money, their behavior as consumers is fascinating and a bit different from older generations. Gen Z shoppers are very online and very informed. They compare prices, read reviews, and won’t hesitate to ditch a brand if it doesn’t meet their expectations. I’ve noticed that Gen Z tends to value authentic brands that align with their values. They are drawn to brands that are socially conscious, eco-friendly, or that authentically represent diverse communities. For instance, a Gen Z consumer might choose a clothing brand known for sustainable practices over a cheaper fast-fashion outlet because it fits their values about climate responsibility. Brand loyalty isn’t a given with them – they are actually less brand-loyal than previous gens, often willing to try new and niche brands that they discover on social media. In fact, a marketing study in Asia found that 69% of Gen Z in APAC are “always looking for the next cool thing”sia-partners.com, illustrating how they constantly seek novelty and trends.

Digital Shopping and Influence:

It’s no surprise that Gen Z prefers online shopping. They were raised on Amazon Prime and same-day delivery. But what’s really interesting is how social media drives their purchases. As mentioned, they use platforms for product research and discovery en masse. A huge number of Gen Z consumers trust influencers or peer reviews – around 80% trust online reviews as much as personal recommendations. They also love personalized and curated shopping experiences. If a website or app’s algorithm shows them items that perfectly match their style, Gen Z shoppers are delighted (conversely, over 40% will leave a website if it doesn’t seem to “get” what they want quickly, reflecting their low tolerance for poor digital experiences).

Spending Priorities:

In terms of what Gen Z spends on – they do spend on tech (new phones, gadgets) and affordable luxuries like streetwear, beauty products, or entertainment. However, they’re a bit different from Millennials in that Gen Z places a high value on experiences but also practical spending. They’ll spend for concert tickets, travel (once they can afford it), or dining out with friends – making memories is important. At the same time, they are pretty savvy bargain hunters online, using coupon codes, waiting for sales, or buying secondhand. Thrifting clothes is actually quite popular with Gen Z, both for saving money and for sustainability reasons. It’s not uncommon to see a Gen Z TikToker boast about a stylish thrift store outfit or a great deal they found online. They also are quicker to adopt new consumer trends like subscription services, buy-now-pay-later plans, or cryptocurrency (some Gen Z got into investing in Bitcoin or stocks via apps in their late teens, for better or worse).

In summary, Gen Z’s financial and consumer habits show a generation that is cautious but opportunistic with money. As per my experience of observing friends in Gen Z, they are simultaneously budgeting carefully and finding creative ways to earn and spend in line with their values. This balanced pragmatism is a hallmark trait – likely a result of coming of age in an era of both economic instability and unprecedented technological opportunity.

Social Values and Activism

Gen Z has often been called the most socially conscious generation to date. From what I’ve researched and seen firsthand, this cohort of young people is highly attuned to the pressing social and environmental issues of our time, and they aren’t shy about speaking out. Here are some key aspects of Gen Z’s values and activism:

• Climate Change and Sustainability: Climate action is practically a cornerstone of Gen Z’s collective identity. Growing up with constant news of global warming, extreme weather, and activists like Greta Thunberg (herself a Gen Z), many in this generation feel a personal responsibility towards the environment. As per data available, about 4 in 10 Gen Z youth rank climate change as the single most important global issue today. Surveys show over 80% of Gen Z are worried about the climate crisis, with a majority believing it’s an immediate threat that needs urgent fixing. I remember talking to a college student (firmly Gen Z) who said she carefully researches if a company is eco-friendly before buying their products – that mindset is common. Gen Zers participate in climate marches, demand sustainable practices from businesses, and even make lifestyle changes (like going vegan, thrifting clothes, minimizing plastic use) in line with their eco-values. It’s inspiring how this young generation has made terms like “carbon footprint” and “sustainability” part of everyday conversation. They’ve essentially put climate and sustainability at the forefront of public discourse more than any youth generation before.
• Social Justice and Equality: As I found over research, Gen Z is deeply concerned with social justice issues. They came of age during movements for racial justice, gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, and more – and they have been active participants in these movements. For instance, in the U.S., Gen Z was a major force in protests against racial injustice in recent years; many see combating systemic racism as a top priority. Polls indicate around 75% of Gen Z support movements for racial equality and believe in actively addressing issues like police brutality and racial bias. They are also strong allies for LGBTQ+ communities – far more Gen Zers openly identify as LGBTQ+ themselves, and even those who don’t are generally supportive of gay and transgender rights. Another area is gender equality: Gen Z tends to have progressive views on gender roles, women’s rights, and representation. They largely reject rigid gender norms, and it’s not unusual in this generation to see, say, men openly discussing mental health or women taking on leadership roles, without the hang-ups older generations might have had.
• Activism and Advocacy: One thing that stands out to me is how Gen Z channels their activism. A lot of it happens online. They are experts at what some call “hashtag activism” – using social media to raise awareness, coordinate, and speak out. A viral hashtag or TikTok video can mobilize thousands of Gen Z activists overnight. But it’s not just online slacktivism; they also show up in person. We’ve seen high schoolers organize climate strikes, college students rally for gun control (another issue important to Gen Z, especially in the U.S. where school shooting fears have sadly been part of their reality), and young people lobby lawmakers for change. Gen Z’s activism is often intersectional – meaning they see the connections between various issues (for example, how climate justice ties into racial and economic justice). They also tend to hold businesses and leaders accountable. This is the generation that will call out a corporation on Twitter for a sexist ad or drop a brand that doesn’t support a social cause they care about. They use the power of their voice and their wallet to push for progress.
• Global Perspective: Thanks to the internet, Gen Z has a more global perspective on issues than perhaps any generation prior. A Gen Z teen in the U.K. might be passionate about saving the Amazon rainforest, or an American Gen Z might speak out about human rights in Asia, because they’re connected to global peers and news in real time. This broad awareness has fostered empathy – many Gen Z genuinely see themselves as global citizens. They are also quick to lend support digitally to international causes (think of how quickly Gen Z social media lit up with support for Ukrainian refugees or for COVID-19 relief efforts across countries). Their empathy isn’t confined by borders.
• Expectations for Change: Gen Z’s strong values translate into expectations in their personal lives and future. They expect their employers to have ethical practices, their governments to address issues like climate change, and their communities to be inclusive. A Deloitte global survey found that Gen Z (and their slightly older Millennial counterparts) are actively pushing employers to do more on societal issues – from climate action to diversity – and a majority feel they personally can drive change within their organization. This is a generation of activist employees and consumers. As customers, they reward companies that take stands on issues (like brands that support Black Lives Matter or mental health initiatives), and they call out those that don’t. As employees, they’re likely to question company policies and advocate from within for things like sustainability initiatives or better parental leave.

In summary, Generation Z combines youthful idealism with digital savvy to champion the causes they care about. As per my experience interacting with younger folks, their passion for activism is genuine and contagious – they truly want to build a more equitable and sustainable world. Of course, not every single Gen Z individual is an activist or deeply engaged in issues (generalizations always have exceptions), but as a collective cohort, their social values and willingness to speak up are a defining trait that sets them apart. It’s one of the reasons I find Gen Z so inspiring – their belief in making a positive impact is strong, and they’re leveraging all the tools at their disposal to do so.

Focus on Mental Health and Well-Being

Alongside their social activism, one of Generation Z’s hallmark traits is their openness about mental health. This is the generation that has brought conversations about anxiety, depression, and overall mental well-being into the mainstream like never before. As per my research and also personal experience talking to younger individuals, Gen Z is far more likely to speak candidly about mental health struggles – whether it’s stress from school, burnout at work, or the toll of social media on self-esteem. Let’s delve into how Gen Z approaches mental health and why it’s such an important aspect of their identity:

• Higher Stress Levels: Studies and surveys indicate that Gen Z reports higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared to older generations at the same age. Part of this might be because they are more willing to report and acknowledge these feelings (where older gens might have kept it to themselves), but part of it is also the unique pressures they face. They grew up during turbulent times, as we’ve discussed – economic uncertainty, social unrest, climate fears, and of course, the unprecedented disruption of a global pandemic during their school years. It’s not too surprising that many have felt anxious. In fact, about half of Gen Z young adults say they experience frequent anxiety and stress. A 2022 survey in the U.S. found Gen Z was significantly more likely to report mental health problems than Gen X or Boomers were at the same age. And a recent global survey (Deloitte 2023) showed around 40% of Gen Z feel stressed “all or most of the time”deloitte.com. These numbers are concerning, but at least Gen Z isn’t suffering in silence as much as past generations might have.
• Normalization of Mental Health Discourse: As I found it over research, Gen Z has been pivotal in normalizing talking about mental health. They swap self-care tips, share experiences about therapy on TikTok, and create memes about their anxiety as a coping mechanism. In schools and universities, Gen Z students have pushed for more mental health resources, like counselors and wellness days. In the workplace, young Gen Z employees are often upfront with their managers about needing mental health days or setting boundaries to prevent burnout. This openness can sometimes be misunderstood by older bosses, but it’s gradually leading to a cultural shift where mental well-being is taken more seriously. Personally, I find it refreshing that a Gen Z friend can openly say “I’m feeling really burned out, I need to take a break” without feeling ashamed – that’s something many older folks struggled to admit.
• Social Media and Mental Health: Growing up with social media has been a double-edged sword for Gen Z’s mental health. On one hand, social media connects them and gives them access to communities and information (including mental health support communities, motivational content, etc.). On the other hand, the constant comparisons, fear of missing out (FOMO), cyberbullying, and pressure to project a perfect image online can seriously affect their self-esteem and stress levels. Gen Z is acutely aware of this paradox.
• Many have a love-hate relationship with platforms like Instagram – they enjoy the connection and creative outlet, but they know it can make them anxious. As mentioned earlier, a big majority of Gen Z thinks younger kids should be kept off social media because they themselves know how rough it can be on mental well-being. The good thing is that Gen Z is proactively finding ways to cope: some curate finstas (private Instagram accounts) to be more real with close friends, others take breaks or set time limits, and importantly, they talk about it. It’s common to see Gen Z posts saying “remember, social media isn’t reality, take care of yourself” – they remind each other to not fall into destructive comparison traps.
• Seeking Help and Resources: Because they’re more open, Gen Z is also more likely to seek mental health help. Whether it’s using a meditation app, attending therapy, or leaning on friends, they appear more willing to utilize resources.
• There’s less stigma among this generation about seeing a therapist – it’s often seen as a normal, even proactive thing to do. Colleges have reported increased demand for counseling services from Gen Z students. And even at work, forward-thinking companies are adding mental health benefits (like free counseling sessions, mental health days off, etc.) largely because Gen Z and Millennials are advocating for them. However, there is still a gap: not everyone in Gen Z can access the help they need, and mental health services haven’t always caught up to the demand. So, while they are more willing to seek help, the support system around them is something society is still improving.
• Resilience and Coping: Despite higher reported struggles, I’d say Gen Z is also resilient in many ways. They have their own coping humor (the dark, self-deprecating memes that only someone struggling could make), and they often form peer support networks. I see a lot of mutual encouragement among Gen Z online – for instance, teens rallying to boost someone’s confidence if they post about being down. They’ve also popularized the concept of self-care: everything from skincare routines and journaling to setting boundaries and practicing mindfulness. Some might poke fun at Gen Z for “self-care is putting on a face mask,” but honestly, if small routines help them unwind in a stressful world, more power to them.

In summary, Generation Z’s focus on mental health is a defining trait that truly sets them apart from earlier generations. As per my experience, they’ve taught many of us the importance of being honest about how we feel and prioritizing mental well-being. They still face serious challenges – high stress, anxiety about the future, etc. – but by bringing these issues into the open, Gen Z is driving a broader cultural recognition that mental health matters. I find that incredibly admirable. It’s a reminder that even though this generation deals with a lot, they’re also forging healthier attitudes toward mental well-being for the future.

Generation Z vs. Millennials (Gen Y)

It’s always interesting to compare Gen Z with Millennials (Gen Y), the generation immediately before them. I often find myself doing this comparison, since I fall on the cusp of these generations and have witnessed traits of both. Millennials (born roughly 1981–1996) were the original “kids of the new millennium” and Gen Z are their younger siblings, figuratively and often literally. While Gen Z and Millennials share some similarities – both are relatively young, tech-oriented, and more progressive than older generations – there are notable differences that highlight Gen Z’s unique traits. Here’s how Gen Z stacks up against Millennials in key areas:

• Technology and Digital Life: Millennials grew up during the rise of the internet, but Gen Z was born into a world where the internet was already all around them. Millennials remember dial-up modems, MySpace, and the time when phones were just phones. Gen Z, by contrast, had high-speed internet, smartphones, and social media since childhood. This makes Gen Z more of a “digital native” generation than Millennials. For example, Millennials in their teens might have used a flip phone or spent hours on AOL Instant Messenger, whereas Gen Z’s teens revolve around iPhones and TikTok. This difference means Gen Z is generally more fluent in the latest tech and adapts faster to new platforms.
• It also means Gen Z’s communication style is even more digital-first – where a Millennial might prefer texting or Facebook messaging, a Gen Z teen might rather snap a quick video or use slang-filled DMs on Instagram. The result: Gen Z’s attention spans are often said to be shorter (since they’re used to rapid content) and their multitasking is more pronounced. Millennials were plenty tech-savvy, but Gen Z takes it to the next level, sometimes to the point that older Millennials struggle to “get” the newest youth internet trends.
• Cultural and World Events: Each generation is shaped by the big events of their youth. Millennials came of age around 9/11, the Iraq War, and the 2008 financial crisis. Gen Z came of age around different crises: school shootings, the climate crisis intensifying, and of course COVID-19. For instance, older Millennials entered a tough job market after the 2008 recession; Gen Z saw that happen and then themselves got hit by pandemic disruptions (school closures, a very uncertain early job market around 2020-2021). In some ways, Gen Z seems to have learned lessons from millennials’ experiences. Gen Z is often more cautious and pragmatic, possibly because they watched Millennials struggle with student debt and high costs. For example, Millennials famously were told “follow your dreams” and many ended up with big college loans and a tough job hunt; Gen Z still believes in dreams but is a bit more likely to map out whether the dream is financially viable or if there’s a plan B. There’s a sense that Gen Z has a realism or even cynicism that older Millennials didn’t have in their youth (Millennials were often characterized as optimistic or idealistic in their early 20s, whereas Gen Z in their early 20s sound more worried about the state of the world). On social issues, both generations are progressive, but Gen Z appears even more so – partly because issues like LGBTQ+ rights or legal marijuana, which were debated when Millennials were young, are largely accepted by Gen Z as normal now.
• Work and Career: Millennials entered the workforce and shook things up by demanding more work-life balance and meaning in jobs, breaking from the “company man” mentality of Gen X and Boomers. Gen Z is continuing this trend and pushing it further. Both generations value work that aligns with personal values and a life outside of work, but Gen Z is less shy about vocalizing those expectations from day one. One difference I’ve noticed: Millennials were dubbed the “job-hopping generation” in their 20s (trying different jobs to find the right fit), but Gen Z might actually change jobs even faster if they’re unhappy – perhaps because job switching has become more normalized now. Also, Millennials are known for pioneering the gig economy in a way (think Uber, Airbnb in their early days), while Gen Z takes the gig/side hustle concept as a given reality.
• Another difference is entrepreneurial interest: many Millennials wanted to found the next Facebook or startup, and some did, but Gen Z seems more into small-scale entrepreneurship – being a freelancer, running a small online business – rather than chasing venture capital for a Silicon Valley startup. Of course, these are broad generalizations; you’ll find entrepreneurial and risk-taking Millennials and very cautious Gen Z as well.
• Financial Habits: As mentioned earlier, Gen Z tends to be more frugal and financially careful right out of the gate, whereas many Millennials learned financial lessons the hard way (through recession or trial and error). For example, credit card usage among Gen Z young adults is a bit lower; they saw Millennials rack up credit debt and are a bit more wary. Gen Z also embraces tools like budgeting apps and trading apps early.
• A fun anecdote: a Gen Z high schooler today might already be investing small amounts via a smartphone app, something Millennials largely didn’t do as teens because the tech and access wasn’t there.
• Social Behavior: When Millennials were teens, hanging out at the mall or going for drives were common social activities. Gen Z teens are more likely to hang out virtually – playing multiplayer video games, video chatting, or interacting on social media. This has led to some behavioral differences. For instance, Gen Z has fewer teen drivers and a lower rate of teen alcohol use and sexual activity compared to Millennials at the same agereddit.com. This is a fascinating trend: statistics in the U.S. have shown declines in teen pregnancy and teen DUI incidents with Gen Z. Some attribute it to Gen Z being more risk-averse and spending more time under the watch of parents (because they socialize online at home rather than out late at night). Meanwhile, Millennials in high school in the late 90s/early 2000s had higher rates of those traditional “rebellious” teen behaviors. It seems Gen Z’s rebellion is more channeled through online expression or activism, rather than partying. That doesn’t mean Gen Z doesn’t have fun – they just do it differently (like virtual watch parties or making TikTok challenges).
• Values and Attitudes: Both Millennials and Gen Z generally support diversity, equality, and environmental issues, but Gen Z often shows an even stronger consensus on these topics. For example, even at similar ages, Gen Z has shown slightly more acceptance of things like interracial marriage, gender fluidity, and other progressive values than Millennials did. Millennials started the conversation on mental health and breaking stigma; Gen Z normalized it. In terms of patriotism or institutional trust, Millennials were somewhat skeptical of institutions, but Gen Z can be downright distrustful, having seen so many crises and misinformation issues during their youth. A poll in the U.K. I read recently found only 41% of Gen Z Britons say they are proud to be British, whereas young Millennials 20 years ago were much more patriotic. That indicates Gen Z has a more critical view of national identity and perhaps authority. They’re more likely to question the way things have always been done.

To sum up the Gen Z vs Millennial comparison, Gen Z builds on many of the trends Millennials started, but often in a more intensified way. Gen Z is more digital, more diverse, possibly more pragmatic, and more vocal about certain issues. Millennials might be considered the “big siblings” who went through trial by fire with new technology and economic challenges, and Gen Z learned from those examples, adapting accordingly. As a result, Gen Z in many ways matured faster on certain fronts – talking about money, mental health, or societal issues at an earlier age than Millennials did. Of course, both generations share the experience of coming of age in the 21st century and often work side by side with similar values at heart. But it’s Gen Z’s fully native relationship with technology and their adaptive resilience in a chaotic world that really sets them apart from Millennials.

Generation Z vs. Generation Alpha

Now, what about the generation coming after Gen Z? Enter Generation Alpha – those born from the early 2010s to mid-2020s (roughly 2013 onward, though definitions vary). Gen Alpha are basically the children of Millennials and the younger siblings of Gen Z. The oldest Gen Alpha kids are just entering their tween years as of the mid-2020s, so many of their characteristics are still emerging. It might be a bit early to know exactly how they’ll turn out, but it’s still fun (and important) to compare what we expect from Gen Alpha with what we see in Gen Z. Having researched generational trends, I’ll share some thoughts on Gen Z vs Gen Alpha:

• Technology Immersion from Birth: If Gen Z are digital natives, Gen Alpha might be considered digital infants. They were literally born with iPads in their hands. I’ve seen toddlers who know how to navigate YouTube before they can form full sentences. While Gen Z grew up alongside the rise of smartphones (most Gen Z got their first smartphone in grade school or early teens), Gen Alpha is growing up where smartphones, tablets, and even AI assistants (like Alexa) are part of the household from day one. This could mean Gen Alpha will be even more comfortable with technology than Gen Z – which is saying something! For example, Gen Z had to learn social media etiquette as preteens or teens, whereas Gen Alpha might have a “digital footprint” practically since birth (think parents posting baby pics on Instagram, etc., and then the kids themselves eventually taking over their online presence).
• Some Gen Z joke about being “iPad kids” in their childhood, but Gen Alpha truly embodies that term. The challenge and difference here is that Gen Alpha might have to learn how to moderate tech use even more, since it’s all they’ve ever known. Gen Z can remember playing outside without a device for at least a few years; Gen Alpha not so much. So, the integration of technology in daily life will be even deeper for Gen Alpha.
• Education and Learning: Gen Alpha’s learning environment is also different. Many Gen Alpha kids experienced remote learning or Zoom classes during the COVID pandemic at a very young age (like kindergarten or 1st grade), which was a unique situation. Gen Z had remote learning too, but mostly at high school or college age; Gen Alpha had it in their formative early schooling. This may affect how comfortable they are with hybrid or online education in the future – likely they’ll be pros at it. Also, educational content is more on-demand for them:
• Gen Alpha can watch educational YouTube channels, play learning apps, etc., almost from infancy. Gen Z also had some of this, but Gen Alpha has a whole ecosystem of kid-friendly digital content. Some experts think Gen Alpha will be very adept at self-directed learning using digital tools, because even as young kids they know how to find info on a tablet or follow along an interactive game. Where Gen Z might still recall library research or slowly loading webpages, Gen Alpha expects instant answers (they might just ask Alexa/voice assistants their questions). It’ll be interesting to see if that makes Gen Alpha even quicker at absorbing information but perhaps with an even shorter attention span than Gen Z.
• Personality and Values: Here we have to speculate a bit. Gen Alpha is still growing up, and a lot of their values will be influenced by their parents (who are largely Millennials) and their older Gen Z siblings or cousins. Early signs suggest Gen Alpha could inherit the social consciousness of Gen Z and Millennials – after all, they’re being raised in households where conversations about equality and climate are common. Some commentary I’ve read anticipates Gen Alpha might be even more socially aware from a younger age.
• For example, a 10-year-old Gen Alpha today might already know about recycling or using the correct pronouns for people, things many older folks didn’t learn until adulthood. There’s also a suggestion that Gen Alpha will value personalization and individualism even more. They are used to every app or streaming service tailoring content “For You,” so they might expect highly customized experiences in life. This could translate to them being very creative and individualistic, or conversely being very demanding as consumers for everything to match their preferences. Time will tell.
• Relationship with Gen Z: Interestingly, Gen Z and Gen Alpha will likely have a close relationship (just as Millennials and Gen Z do). Many Gen Z are the older siblings, babysitters, or even young teachers to Gen Alpha kids. So Gen Alpha is learning from Gen Z. In my view, Gen Z may serve as mentors for Gen Alpha in navigating the digital world safely and standing up for causes. We already see Gen Z teens guiding their little siblings on what’s cool or helping set up their devices. Culturally, there might be a lot of overlap: the youngest Gen Z and oldest Gen Alpha are only maybe a decade apart, so they might share fandoms, games, etc. (For instance, a 12-year-old Gen Alpha and a 20-year-old Gen Z might both be on TikTok and discussing the same viral video). However, Gen Alpha could diverge in unexpected ways too – they might rebel against whatever Gen Z establishes as norms.
• Different Formative Events: Each generation has formative events. Gen Alpha’s are still unfolding, but one huge one for them was the COVID-19 pandemic. They were extremely young, but losing a year or more of normal socialization (no preschool, or wearing masks in first grade, etc.) might shape their behaviors (perhaps they’ll be more resilient in some ways, or more cautious about health). They’ll also see the outcomes of the fights Gen Z is currently fighting – e.g. by the time Gen Alpha are teens, will climate change have worsened or will there be major progress? That could shape them either toward activism (if issues remain dire) or maybe a bit less urgency if prior gens succeeded in some improvements. Hard to know yet.

In essence, Generation Alpha is like Gen Z on fast-forward: many of the same traits (tech-savvy, open-minded, expecting personalization) but starting even earlier. If Gen Z is the pioneer in the fully digital lifestyle, Gen Alpha will be the native inhabitants of that new landscape. We expect them to be extremely comfortable with AI, automation, and whatever new technologies arise (they could be the first generation to widely use self-driving cars or have AI tutors, for instance). They might also be more globally connected from childhood — imagine pen pals via virtual reality classrooms, etc., which could be normal for them.

From a values standpoint, I suspect Gen Alpha will carry forward Gen Z’s emphasis on inclusion and mental health, perhaps even more seamlessly since their millennial parents are generally teaching those values early. However, one concern people voice is that with everything so readily available (information, instant entertainment), Gen Alpha could have even less patience or greater reliance on tech to solve problems.

To wrap up the comparison: Gen Z and Gen Alpha are consecutive generations that will have a lot in common, but Gen Alpha is essentially an amplification of the trends Gen Z started. Where Gen Z had to adapt to new things, Gen Alpha was born into them. It will be fascinating to watch as Gen Alpha grows up and to see how much of Gen Z’s trailblazing they follow versus how much they forge their own path.

Gen Z Around the World: U.S., U.K., and Asia Perspectives

While we’ve talked about Generation Z in broad strokes, it’s important to remember that Gen Z is a global generation. There are over 2 billion Gen Zers worldwide, and their experiences can differ based on where they live. However, thanks to the internet, they also share a lot of cross-cultural similarities (a Gen Z teen in India might bond with a Gen Z teen in England over K-pop music or Marvel movies, for example). In this section, I’ll cover some regional perspectives on Gen Z, focusing on the United States, the United Kingdom, and Asia, as these regions highlight both the common traits and the unique differences within Gen Z.

United States

In the United States, Gen Z makes up a large and diverse portion of the population (around 20% as of now). American Gen Zers are notable for their diversity, progressive views, and changing social attitudes. As mentioned, this is the most racially diverse U.S. generation: only about half are non-Hispanic white, and roughly a quarter are Hispanic, with Black, Asian, and multiracial youths comprising the rest (weforum.org). This diversity has influenced their outlook – for example, American Gen Z generally views the country’s racial and ethnic diversity as a strength. They are also the most educated generation in U.S. history, with high high-school graduation rates and many attending college.

Politically and socially, U.S. Gen Z leans more liberal than older Americans. A majority support things like LGBTQ+ rights, racial justice movements, stricter gun laws, and action on climate change. Surveys by Pew Research show Gen Z (even those not old enough to vote at the time) tended to disapprove of nationalist or isolationist viewpoints and were open to America being part of a global community. In the 2020 election (the first presidential election some older Gen Z could vote in), Gen Z voters heavily favored more progressive candidates and causes. They are also less religious on average than older Americans, with fewer Gen Z identifying with organized religion, though many still consider themselves spiritual in their own way.

Culturally, American Gen Z has been at the heart of new trends – from viral TikTok dances to the resurgence of early 2000s fashion (yes, Gen Z brought back mom jeans and center parts in hairstyles, to the mock annoyance of many Millennials!). They have also changed entertainment: they are more likely to stream content on-demand than watch traditional TV, and platforms like YouTube and TikTok often rival Hollywood in capturing Gen Z’s attention.

One interesting note: American Gen Z’s patriotism and view of the country is a bit ambivalent. A recent poll in 2025 showed that only 41% of Gen Z in Britain say they’re proud of their country, and while I don’t have the exact stat for U.S. Gen Z, I suspect a parallel in the U.S. Many young Americans love their country but are critical of its flaws. Gen Z Americans are keenly aware of issues like systemic racism or political polarization and thus may feel a mix of hope and frustration about the USA. They want to improve it and often use their voices to push for change – whether through protests (like March for Our Lives for gun control, which was youth-led after Parkland) or through savvy internet campaigns.

United Kingdom

Moving to the U.K. (United Kingdom), Gen Z there shares many similarities with U.S. Gen Z – they are diverse (though the U.K. is slightly less ethnically diverse than the U.S.), very tech-oriented, and progressive in outlook. A major study by YouGov in 2025 gives a vivid picture of British Gen Z’s attitudes. As per data available from that study, U.K. Gen Z are notably less patriotic and less trusting of traditional institutions than older generations. Only about 41% of Gen Z Britons say they are proud to be British, which is half the level that young people expressed 20 years ago. This is a striking shift – it suggests young Brits feel more critical of their national identity or at least are unwilling to say “I’m proud” blindly. In the same study, half of Gen Z in the U.K. agreed with the statement that “Britain is a racist country” and nearly half said “Britain is stuck in the past”. Yet, interestingly, a plurality (47%) also viewed Britain as a tolerant society. This tells me U.K. Gen Z are quite nuanced: they can recognize problems like racism or outdated institutions, but also appreciate aspects like tolerance and multiculturalism that Britain aspires to. Only a tiny fraction (15%) felt the U.K. is “united” as a country, indicating Gen Z sees the societal divisions (Brexit, regional inequalities, etc.) quite clearly.

On social issues, British Gen Z are generally progressive: they’re more likely than older Brits to support immigration, to favor action on climate change, and to back social liberalism (like LGBTQ+ rights, gender equality). For example, polling has shown young Brits overwhelmingly support same-sex marriage and racial equality efforts. In politics, this translates to leaning left-of-center. Gen Z in the U.K. are more likely to vote for the Labour Party or other progressive parties compared to older generations, who might lean Conservative. They also tend to be pro-environment (Green party and environmental causes have significant youth support). Another anecdotal trend: many U.K. Gen Z are disillusioned with Brexit – since it was mainly older generations that voted for Brexit, a lot of Gen Z who grew up as Europeans (before Brexit took full effect) feel a bit robbed of opportunities like easy travel and work in the EU.

Culturally, British Gen Z are very plugged into global youth culture (they love American shows, K-pop, global video games, etc.) but also have their local trends. They’ve popularized genres like U.K. grime and drill music on the global stage, and they heavily use platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube just like their American counterparts. One difference might be that British humor and sensibilities – that famous dry wit – is alive and well in Gen Z meme culture; British Gen Z Twitter or TikTok has its own flavor of comedic content that sometimes puzzles Americans!

The U.K.’s diversity among Gen Z is also worth noting. Urban centers like London have extremely diverse Gen Z populations with myriad languages and cultures influencing youth life. Meanwhile, rural Gen Z might have different experiences. But broadly, like the U.S., the younger generation in Britain is more diverse (ethnically and culturally) than older ones, which influences their more inclusive worldview.

Asia (Regional Overview)

Asia is a vast, diverse continent, so Gen Z experiences vary widely here. However, there are some interesting common threads and notable examples in major Asian regions:

Population and Scale: First, sheer numbers. Asia has the largest share of Gen Z on the planet. In fact, by 2025, Gen Z will form at least one-quarter of Asia’s total population. That’s hundreds of millions of young people in countries like China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and beyond. This means Gen Z will have enormous influence on Asia’s economy and culture as they come of age.

Technology and Connectivity: Asian Gen Z are as tech-savvy as any. Many countries in Asia leapfrogged with mobile technology, so Gen Z in those places have always known high-speed mobile internet. For instance, in China, there are over 230 million Gen Z individuals (born after 1995) which is about 16-17% of China’s population. Chinese Gen Z are extremely online: they accounted for nearly 30% of China’s internet users recently, and they spend on average 160 hours online per month (which is actually above the national average internet use). They primarily use platforms like WeChat, Weibo, Bilibili, and Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok). Social commerce (shopping via social media) is very advanced in China, and young consumers are at the forefront of that, often buying products directly through app integrations.

Education and Work Ethic: In many Asian cultures, education is highly emphasized, and Gen Z is no exception. We saw earlier that Gen Z in countries like India, China, and the UAE overwhelmingly plan to go to university – often at higher rates than their Western counterparts. For example, around 3 out of 4 Gen Z in India and China say they will pursue higher education, which is a huge number. The competition can be fierce, and this pressure can shape Gen Z’s lifestyle (intense study schedules, tutoring, etc., something often reported in East Asian countries). In Japan, Gen Z is sometimes called the “Satori Generation”, meaning the “enlightened” or “zen” generation, implying they are a bit more withdrawn from material obsessions and focus on stability and peace of mind. This term in Japan suggests that after decades of economic stagnation, Japanese Gen Z might be less optimistic about the future materially, leading them to prize contentment in simpler things or personal fulfillment over grand ambitions.

Values and Consumption: Asian Gen Z, of course, are not monolithic. However, certain trends appear: Many are blending traditional values with modern outlooks. For example, family and respect for elders remain important in cultures like India, China, or Japan, and you see Gen Z abiding by certain cultural norms. But at the same time, they are challenging other norms – like speaking up about mental health, or pushing for gender equality, which historically might have been less openly discussed in some societies. Consumer-wise, Gen Z in Asia is a massive market driver. Chinese Gen Z in particular have significant spending power; reports show they contribute a larger share of household spending than Gen Z in the West. Brands in Asia are eager to capture Gen Z’s attention. What resonates with these young consumers? Authenticity and personalization are key, just like elsewhere. A study noted that Asian Gen Z loves personalized products and unique styles to express identity – 69% of Gen Z in APAC say they’re always hunting for the next cool, unique thing. They might follow local influencers or Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) who guide trends on apps like TikTok (very popular in Southeast Asia) or local platforms. In terms of global vs local culture, Asian Gen Z are adopting a lot of global youth culture but also revitalizing local culture. For instance, K-pop (Korean pop music) isn’t just huge in Korea; it’s a pan-Asian (and global) Gen Z phenomenon. Meanwhile, anime and manga (Japanese pop culture) influence art and fashion for Gen Z far beyond Japan’s borders.

Economic and Social Challenges: It’s also worth mentioning that Gen Z in developing parts of Asia face different challenges than those in wealthier countries. In South Asia or parts of Southeast Asia, many Gen Z are still fighting issues like access to quality education or stable employment. On the flip side, they’re incredibly adaptive – using smartphones to learn skills or start micro-businesses even in less developed areas. Socially, topics like freedom of expression or dating norms can vary. In more conservative societies, Gen Z might have to navigate traditional expectations (like arranged marriages or strict social rules) while absorbing liberal ideas online. It creates a dynamic tension that Gen Z navigates daily.

Common Thread – Global Connectivity: Despite regional differences, one lovely commonality is that Gen Z around the world are connected by the internet. A teenager in Indonesia might be learning dance moves from a Brazilian TikToker, or a student in Nigeria and one in Korea might both be fans of the same Marvel superhero. This shared global culture means a lot of Gen Z humor, music tastes, and even values have a common thread. Climate change, for instance, is a concern of Gen Z in Europe, Asia, the Americas alike – we saw how young people in places as varied as Australia and South Africa have rallied for climate action, much like those in the U.S. or India. This generation truly has a global identity in a way previous ones did not.

In summary, looking at Gen Z regionally shows that context matters – local culture and conditions shape the specifics of Gen Z’s behavior. But no matter if it’s the U.S., U.K., or Asia, Gen Z is generally more diverse, more connected, and more inclined to challenge the status quo than prior generations in their countries. They are transforming consumer markets, pushing institutions to be more inclusive, and using their digital fluency to bridge gaps across the world.

Conclusion

After this deep dive into Generation Z’s characteristics, traits, and behaviors, one thing is abundantly clear: Gen Z is a generation unlike any other, forged in a fast-paced digital era, and poised to leave a lasting impact on society. As per my experience observing and researching this group, I find them to be resilient, outspoken, and innovative. They carry a hefty weight on their young shoulders – tackling climate change, social injustices, economic hurdles, and mental health challenges all at once – yet they often do so with a sense of determination and savvy that belies their years.

Gen Z’s defining traits include being digital natives, embracing diversity, valuing individual expression, and demanding authenticity in others. They are educated and financially pragmatic, yet entrepreneurial and willing to think outside the box to achieve security and fulfillment. They have a strong social conscience, leading the charge on movements for equality and sustainability. And importantly, they’ve brought mental health to the forefront, teaching all of us that it’s okay to not be okay and to seek help when needed.

Comparing them to Millennials before, we see how Gen Z has learned from past lessons and often blazes their own trail (especially online). Looking ahead to Gen Alpha after them, we anticipate a continuation and amplification of these trends – a future where the world Gen Z is now shaping will become the playground for Gen Alpha.

It’s also evident that Gen Z is not a monolith worldwide. Their experiences in the U.S., U.K., Asia and beyond can differ, but there’s a remarkable thread of global youth culture tying them together. Whether it’s through a viral meme or a worldwide climate strike, Gen Z has an uncanny ability to unite across borders for common interests and causes.

As per my research, data, and yes – even my personal interactions – Gen Z is a generation of contrasts in many ways. They are idealistic yet pragmatic, connected yet seeking privacy, individualistic yet community-driven. These nuances make them all the more fascinating. I’ve enjoyed writing about them in a personal tone because it mirrors how Gen Z often communicates: candid, relatable, and from the heart.

In closing, I feel a sense of optimism watching Generation Z come of age. They certainly face formidable challenges, but their unique blend of traits gives them tools to tackle these issues in fresh ways. As they fully step into adulthood and leadership in the coming years, I believe Gen Z will continue to push for a more inclusive, innovative, and conscientious world. And as someone who has studied and interacted with them, I’m excited to see the positive changes they’ll bring – because if there’s one thing that defines Gen Z, it’s that they don’t just talk about the future, they actively set out to shape it.

References:

1. Pew Research Center – “On the Cusp of Adulthood and Facing an Uncertain Future: What We Know About Gen Z So Far” (2020) – pewresearch.org
2. Investopedia – “Generation Z (Gen Z) Definition, Characteristics & Demographics” (2023) – investopedia.com
3. YouGov – “What does Gen Z think about Britain?” (Feb 2025) – yougov.co.uk
4. Deloitte – “The Deloitte Global 2024 Gen Z and Millennial Survey” (2024) – deloitte.com
5. Pearson/Harris Poll – Gen Z Global Survey on Education (2019) via Research Live – research-live.com
6. Sia Partners – “Gen-Z in Asia” (Sep 2023) – sia-partners.com
7. McKinsey & Company – “What is Gen Z?” (Aug 2024) – mckinsey.com